Negotiating Skills - 2941 Words

NEGOTIATING SKILLS CASE STUDY TOPIC: MANAGING INDUSTRIAL UNREST: A CARIBBEAN CONUNDRUM By David A. Matthery Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Identification and examination of angle being used 4 Case Analysis (Application of negotiating skills concepts) 5 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 12 Executive Summary The organisation structure determines the manner and extent to which roles, power and responsibilities are delegated, controlled and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of†¦show more content†¦Identification and examination of angle being used Cultural Implications This case study is being analysed from the angle of â€Å"Cultural Implications†. â€Å"Culture determines the â€Å"meaning system† of a social environment†. (Lewicki) It often shapes what kinds of power are seen as legitimate and illegitimate or how people influence and react to influence. Culture often translates into deeply embedded structural inequalities in both organisations and society at large. (Lewicki) Organisational culture is the behaviour of humans who are part of an organisation and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organisation values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits. It is also the pattern of such collective behaviours and assumptions that are taught to new organisational members as a way of perceiving, and even thinking and feeling. Organisational culture affects the way people and groups interact with each other, with clients, and with stakeholders. Inside organisations power inequality of the boss-subordinates relationships is functional and reflects inequality according to Hofstede. 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The Spirit Of Spirit Animal - 1144 Words

The spirit animal that you identify with is more than a symbol. Shamans believe that spirit animals are guides and protectors during your life s journey. Finding and relating to your spirit animal provides you with power and insight into your subconscious that can help to guide you on the path that s right for you. Identifying your spirit animal then understanding how they guide you is essential for finding your path. How Does Your Spirit Animal Help You While you might have animals that you love and admire, that doesn t mean that type of animal is your spirit animal. Your specific power animal isn t just the answer to an interview question about what type of animal you see yourself as. Your spirit animal helps you identify parts of yourself that need to be enhanced or worked on for ultimate happiness and fulfillment. Why You re Searching for Your Spirit Animal Your spirit animal can help you nurture or evaluate your current relationships to find new perspectives and enlightenment. It will help you by providing guidance and support when you re going through a trying time in your life too. Your spirit animal guides you through situations that provide strong emotions that can leave you confused and disheartened. You might even feel inspired and powerful through your spirit animal s influence. Your Spirit Animal Chooses You When you open yourself to the world around you, your spirit animal reveals itself to you. When you re not open to the experience, your spiritShow MoreRelatedAnimal Spirits : How Human Psychology Drives The Economy1602 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduce the concept of â€Å"animal spirits† and how the world’s economy is driven by this. According with their view, these â€Å"animal spirits† are composed of: confidence, fairness, antisocial behaviour, money illusion and stories. 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Evaluation and Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Questions: 1. Discuss the different types of dementia.(PICK 4TO 5 TYPES OF DEMETIA AND DISCUSS THE DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICATIONS) 2. Exploring the carers roles, responsibilities, functions and adopt their practice to meet individual needs.(IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT NEEDS) 3. Analyse the impact of dementia on the health, behaviour and quality of life of people with dementia and their families.(PERSONAL LIFE ,FAMILYAND SOCIAL LIFE) 4. Explore the implementation of person centred care strategies with an inter disciplinary multi-agency team.(DEFINE PERSON CENTRE CARE,HOW DO THEY IMPLEMENT IT ) 5. Discuss some of the ethical and legal issues impacting on people with dementia and their carers. Answers: Dementia or senility is a kind of brain disease that remains associated with regular and long term decrease in the ability to think and remember. The decrease in the ability tends to affect the daily functioning of an individual's life (Brroker and Latham 2015). Language problems, emotional problems, and a decrease in motivation are some of the most common symptoms that are seen in case of dementia. Dementia can be of various types, and each type is associated with causing different kinds of cognitive disorder. The disease also produces a significant impact on an individuals caregiver (Prince et al. 2013). Thus, the present assignment will help to emphasize on different types of dementia by identifying the needs and analyzing the impact of the disease on the health, behavior and quality of the patient. Furthermore, the assignment will also help to explore the strategies that need to be implemented for successfully dealing with patients with dementia along with the discussion of the e thical and the legal issues impacting the people suffering from dementia. Different types of Dementia, diagnosis and medication According to Jung (2015), the four most prevalent forms of dementia are: 1) Alzheimers disease, 2) Vascular Dementia, 3) Lewy Body Dementia and 4) Frontotemporal Dementia Alzheimer's disease is the most common and well known form of dementia. The common symptoms associated with the disease include paranoia, memory loss, anxiousness, and confusion (Brooker and Latham 2015). The primary diagnosis method of Alzheimer does include evaluation of the patients medical history. This also includes proper monitoring of the behavioral changes that are observed in case of an Alzheimer patient. Diagnosis of the disease also includes advanced medical imaging that remains associated with computed topography (CT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Alagiakrihsnan, Bhanji and Kurjan 2013). Memory testing that includes assessment of the intellectual functioning also helps in further characterization of the disease. The conventional medication for Alzheimer involves the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's). Donepezil is the most common medicine used for treating different stages of Alzheimers (Alzheimers Association 2013). Diagnosis of vascular dementia includes assessment of the symptoms and the mental abilities that include evaluation of the full medical history and other conditions in relation to the disease that includes high blood pressure and strokes (Andel et al. 2012). It also includes a physical examination and brain scans such as CT scan for detecting the presence of brain tumor or any other shrinking activity associated with the brain. The neuropsychological test helps in better assessment of the people for people suffering from vascular dementia. The most common medication that is used includes a range of antihypertensives, antiplatelets, anticoagulants such as warfarin and antidepressants such as nimodipine, hydergine and others (Moreno-Ramos et al. 2013). Apart from the normal diagnostic methods like CT scan and MRI, diagnosis of Lewy body dementia includes a detailed study of the patient's lifestyle and the medical history. It also specifically includes other pathological and neuropsychological tests as well. Diagnosis also involves the method of postmortem autopsy (Stinton et al. 2015). In certain cases, brain autopsies are also performed for detecting any brain stroking, bleeding or presence of any brain tumor. A large number of cholinesterase inhibitors such as rivastigimine are used as the primary medication for the disease (Andel et al. 2012). In the case of Frontotemporal dementia, the diagnosis method specifically includes brain scans by the method of positron emission topography that helps in visualizing the brain metabolism for identifying the abnormalities present (Moreno-Ramos et al. 2013). Diagnosis also includes neurological examination for obtaining a detailed about the patients history. Diagnosis technique also includes evaluation of the motor functions and other cognitive functioning that includes measuring of memory, concentration, and problem solving ability and language skills. The diagnosis methods specifically include electromyography, spinal tap, CT-scan and MRI (Pressman and Miller 2014). A large number of antidepressant drugs such as fluoxetine, paroxetine and others are used as the primary medication. Secondary medication includes the use of antipsychotics in small doses such as olanzepine, risperdine, ziprasidone (Noel-Storr et al. 2013). Identification of different needs A caregiver needs to develop a better understanding of the patients suffering from dementia. It is very much essential for the caregiver to understand the behavioral changes. The care giver shall also need to assess the causes of the difficulties in communication that the patient is having (Moreno-Ramos et al. 2013). In the case of severe dementia, the caregiver also needs to understand the feeling associated with the patient and develop suitable strategies for dealing with them. Thus, it is very much essential to comprehend and analyze the underlying pathophysiological and neurological problems associated with for attaining improvement in the status of the patients. The care giver must understand the needs of the patient that will help in restoring the decline in the mental functioning of the patients (Pressman and Miller 2014). It is also essential to provide the family givers with proper training, education, and knowledge regarding the ability for a better understanding of the con dition of the patient suffering from dementia. Development of effective communication style is also an important aspect as it helps in better understanding and interpretation of the patient's therapeutic process. It also helps the caregiver to effectively monitor the movements and the actions that are shown by the patients. Patients suffering from dementia are also associated with changes in the emotional responses. According to Noel-Storr et al. (2013), patients with dementia have less control over their self-expressing power and thus have less control over their feelings. These changes are primarily due to the damage cause in the brain. Hence, the caregivers shall need to understand the behavioral changes in patients effectively in response to the reaction shown by the patients in accordance with a particular situation (Brooker and Latham 2015). The caregivers need to effectively figure out the needs and, therefore, meet them where it is possible. Understanding the needs of the pa tient also includes the understanding of the sleeping habits, memory loss, and extent of the damage caused in the brain (Jung 2015). Thus exploring the carer roles involves the ability of the person to deal with the patient. This includes setting up a positive mood, provide a better platform for understanding the needs of the patients, and break down the activities thus implemented in a series of steps that includes a response to proper affection and assurance (Andel et al. 2012). This includes exploration of the additional problems as well that includes an approach for identifying the cognitive capabilities in a systematic way by the implementation of a standardized set of performance-based assessments. Impact of dementia on health, behavior and quality of life of people with dementia and their families People with dementia gradually lose their ability to think and remember things especially concerning the events and the conversations (Alagiakrishnan et al. 2013). As a result, they are not able to reason out things effectively which leads to inappropriate behavior. Since dementia is a slow disease, loss of brain function occurs with the progress of the disease. Thus, patients will dementia gradually lose their ability for solving problems, get surrounding by familiar surroundings, develops poor decision making abilities and also develops a poor emotional control (Stinton et al. 2015). They respond very slowly to the situation and behave in a confused manner. They also develop problems like agitation, cognitive disorder, delusions, and anger. This causes a loss of the ability and difficulty in performing the daily tasks. They also seem to lose interest from the activities and at a later stage might not even recognize their family members as well (Chiong et al. 2015). Dementia also sh ows an intense effect on the person's quality of life which makes them feel isolated, embarrassed, frustrated and confused. In general, the impact of dementia on an individual's daily life is broadly classified into four main categories: Functional effects (problems involving social issues, slower interactions) Cognitive effects (short term memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, poor concentration) Psychological effects (anxiety, depression, motivation loss) Behavioral effects (verbal aggression, inappropriate responses) The most common feelings that the family experience include grief, loss, guilt, and anger. Guilty may rise regarding the fact that the family members may be embarrassed for not providing the right care to the patient during proper time. Grief is the most frequent form of an impact that has been seen among the family members (Noel-Storr et al. 2013). People caring for the patient experience grief for the loss of the patient that may occur in the near future. It also hampers the relationship between the patient and the family as because patient suffering from dementia shows anger and may remain associated with the feeling of isolation (Pressman and Miller 2014). Under such circumstances, the communication between the family members is also hampered because at certain situation the family members may not be able to understand the needs and what the patient is trying to express. This leads to misinterpretation of the emotional thoughts (Miranda-Castillo, Woods and Orrell 2013). The famil y members sometimes also develop a feeling of anger among themselves taking into consideration the fact that they are annoyed by the behavior of the patient. This in turn also leads to a sense of distress, frustration and annoyance as well. Implementation of person centered care strategies Person-centered care refers to the way of thinking and doing things that help in seeing people using social and health services for developing, planning and monitoring care in such a way that the needs of the people are met (Van Mierlo et al. 2012). This specifically helps in viewing individuals and their families as experts working alongside the health care providers. The implementation of the effective strategies includes a better understanding of the person's behavior regarding mood and unmet needs. An effective strategy involves providing care for understanding the social, cultural and individual needs of the patient suffering from dementia (Eggenberger, Heimerl and Bennett 2013). Thus, implementation of the effective strategies includes adaptation and learning of appropriate behavior in a specific way that will help in better understanding of the people suffering from dementia. It is also implemented in a way that it provides proper value to the people who has been given the care regardless of the way the people act, communicate or behave by understanding the position of the patients by providing communication through normal mode or improved social skills (Clay et al. 2013). The implementation also involves improvement in the quality of life of patients for whom the care is provided. The caregiver also needs to implement strategies in a way th at will help them in better learning for tolerating the repetitive, irritating, hurtful and the meaningless behavior from then patients suffering from dementia (Lavretsky et al. 2013). This also includes a better understanding of the sentiment and the responses that come from the people suffering from dementia (Dewar and Nolan 2013). The implementation also includes that the caregivers should have enough information and ideas regarding the care that has been provided for the patients with dementia. The application also includes an introduction of nonverbal communications and providing assistance for independence oriented duties. Ethical and legal issues impacting on people with dementia Some of the ethical and legal issues that primarily affect people with dementia and their carers include the timing and the communication of the diagnosis. It thus suggests that diagnosis of dementia shall need to be done as early as possible and also needs to be communicated directly to the individuals. People suffering from dementia shall need to have a direct access to good quality assessment and also the patients needs to get the proper support from time to time. According to Johnson and Karlawish (2015), the UK Department of Health shall need to initiate more research based on the fact why there exists a huge variation in the diagnosis technique carried out during dementia. The ethical issues also help in highlighting the fact that the doctor-patient relationship during the diagnosis method produces large implications for the patients as well as the on the family members who plays a significant role for information and support. The carers associated with for communicating the di agnosis of the disease shall also need to actively encourage the person with dementia for sharing necessary information by clearing the fact that diagnosis at an early stage is very much required (Mitchell and Templeton 2014). Considering the legal framework, The Mental Capacity Act of 2005 helps provides the legal framework for decision making that can be granted to patients suffering from dementia in England and the surrounding areas. The Act also contains specific provision to make "advance decision" for people suffering from dementia. The act plays a significant role in providing a wider scope for people suffering from dementia based on their concerns and needs. This also helps in extracting a sufficient amount of information that is required for dealing with the abnormal behaviors of the patients (Johnson and Karlawish 2015). The report suggests that in most of the cases people suffering from dementia, always tries to promote their interest in their autonomy and well-to be (Mit chell and Templeton 2014). References Alagiakrishnan, K., Bhanji, R.A. and Kurian, M., 2013. Evaluation and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different types of dementia: a systematic review.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,56(1), pp.1-9. Alzheimer's Association, 2013. 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's dementia,9(2), pp.208-245. Andel, R., Crowe, M., Hahn, E.A., Mortimer, J.A., Pedersen, N.L., Fratiglioni, L., Johansson, B. and Gatz, M., 2012. Workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related stress may increase the risk of vascular dementia.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,60(1), pp.60-67. Brooker, D. and Latham, I., 2015.Person-Centred Dementia Care: Making Services Better with the VIPS Framework. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Chiong, W., Wood, K.A., Beagle, A.J., Hsu, M., Kayser, A.S., Miller, B.L. and Kramer, J.H., 2015. Neuroeconomic dissociation of semantic dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia.Brain, p.awv344. Clay, O.J., Grant, J.S., Wadley, V.G., Perkins, M.M., Haley, W.E. and Roth, D.L., 2013. Correlates of health-related quality of life in African American and Caucasian stroke caregivers.Rehabilitation psychology,58(1), p.28. Dewar, B. and Nolan, M., 2013. Caring about caring: developing a model to implement compassionate relationship centred care in an older people care setting.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(9), pp.1247-1258. Eggenberger, E., Heimerl, K. and Bennett, M.I., 2013. Communication skills training in dementia care: a systematic review of effectiveness, training content, and didactic methods in different care settings.International Psychogeriatrics,25(03), pp.345-358. Johnson, R.A. and Karlawish, J., 2015. A review of ethical issues in dementia.International Psychogeriatrics,27(10), pp.1635-1647. Jung, C.G., 2015.Psychology of Dementia Praecox. Princeton University Press. Lavretsky, H., Epel, E.S., Siddarth, P., Nazarian, N., Cyr, N.S., Khalsa, D.S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. and Irwin, M.R., 2013. A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,28(1), pp.57-65. Miranda-Castillo, C., Woods, B. and Orrell, M., 2013. The needs of people with dementia living at home from user, caregiver and professional perspectives: a cross-sectional survey.BMC health services research,13(1), p.1. Miranda-Castillo, C., Woods, B. and Orrell, M., 2013. The needs of people with dementia living at home from user, caregiver and professional perspectives: a cross-sectional survey.BMC health services research,13(1), p.1. Mitchell, G. and Templeton, M., 2014. Ethical considerations of doll therapy for people with dementia.Nursing ethics,21(6), pp.720-730. Moreno-Ramos, T., Benito-Len, J., Villarejo, A. and Bermejo-Pareja, F., 2013. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,34(3), pp.659-664. Noel-Storr, A.H., Flicker, L., Ritchie, C.W., Nguyen, G.H., Gupta, T., Wood, P., Walton, J., Desai, M., Solomon, D.F., Molena, E. and Worrall, R., 2013. Systematic review of the body of evidence for the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of dementia.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(3), pp.e96-e105. Pressman, P.S. and Miller, B.L., 2014. Diagnosis and management of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.Biological psychiatry,75(7), pp.574-581. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W. and Ferri, C.P., 2013. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(1), pp.63-75. Stinton, C., McKeith, I., Taylor, J.P., Lafortune, L., Mioshi, E., Mak, E., Cambridge, V., Mason, J., Thomas, A. and OBrien, J.T., 2015. Pharmacological management of lewy body dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American Journal of Psychiatry. Van Mierlo, L.D., Meiland, F.J., Van der Roest, H.G. and Dres, R.M., 2012. Personalised caregiver support: effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in subgroups of caregivers of people with dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,27(1), pp.1-14.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness Definition free essay sample

ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD TOOLS DOWN: OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) What is Tools Down? An activity where certain tools or knowledge is shared with a person or group of people with the intent to upskill those people in the usage of the tool or develop deep understanding of how the tool is utilized ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 2 OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 3 Definition OEE is used to measure plant performance against its limit and identify sources of loss within the plant. It measures how well we use the equipments when they are available. ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 4 To understand OEE better is to understand OEE waterfall chart†¦ y External factors Category 3* -i. e. , lack of demand, lack of feed, lack of storage and other external downtime Slowdown S2 – Slowdown (external upstream) S3 – Slowdown (external downstream) S4 – Slowdown (Others/ force majoure) Not Normal Plant Operations 2a* Debottle necking 2b* Revamp/ Rejuvenation Formula: This model is based on the latest OEE concept approved and endorsed during 36 th OPI Working Group Meeting and 61st Plant Managers Meeting. We will write a custom essay sample on Overall Equipment Effectiveness Definition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * As per the IPWE classification of downtime ** As per the OPI definition for OEE calculation *** In cases where the MSR is lower than Nameplate Capacity, Nameplate Capacity will be used instead of MSR ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate*** OEE Turnaround (DOSH requirements) Net Production (x) Adjusted Capacity (y) Adjusted Capacity** Normal Plant Operations 1a* Scheduled downtime (excluding Turnaround) Available Capacity** Normal Plant Operations 1b* Unscheduled downtime 1c – Consequential downtime Slowdown S1 – Slowdown (internal) x Net Production** Quality (Reject or off spec. ) Gross Production** Indirect losses Availability losses Productivity losses Quality losses 5 5 What is Maximum Sustainable Rate (MSR)? Maximum Sustainable Rate (MSR): OPU specifies its respective MSR for a period based on the highest daily throughput or production rate sustained over 30 consecutive days. In cases where the MSR is lower than Nameplate Capacity, Nameplate Capacity will be used instead of MSR. ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 6 External factors – Indirect losses ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate Category Not Normal Plant Operations Category 2* Downtime Definition Debottlenecking Revamp/Rejuvenation Lack of economic feedstock Economics Lack of storage Others Slowdown (external upstream) Slowdown (external downstream) Slowdown (Other/Force Majeure) 2a 2b 3a External Factors Category 3* Downtime Category S* Slowdown 3b 3c 3d S2 S3 S4 7 Internal factors – Downtime (Availability losses) Turnaround Category Turnaround Normal Plant Operations Category 1b 1c Normal Plant Operations Category 1a Definition ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Adjusted Capacity 1a 1b 1c Planned downtime Unplanned downtime Consequential downtime 8 Internal factors – Slowdown (Productivity losses) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Available Capacity Category Category S1 Definition Slowdown (Internal) S1 9 Internal factors – Slowdown (Quality losses) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Gross Production Net Production Category Quality loss Definition Quality Reject, offspec, flaring (Not applicable to EPEMSB) Official production as recorded by Production Planner 10 Recap†¦ y External factors: Downtime 3a – Lack of economic feedstock 3b – Economics 3c – Lack of storage 3d Others Slowdown S2 – Slowdown (external upstream) S3 – Slowdown (external downstream) S4 – Slowdown (Others/ force majoure) Not Normal Plant Operations 2a Debottle necking 2b Revamp/ Rejuvenation Formula: OEE Turnaround Net Production (x) Adjusted Capacity (y) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate Normal Plant Operations 1a Scheduled Normal Plant downtime Operations (excluding Turnaround) 1b Unscheduled downtime 1c – Consequential downtime Adjusted Capacity Available Capacity Slowdown S1 – Slowdown (internal) x Net Production Quality (Reject , off spec. or flaring) Gross Production Indirect losses Availability losses Productivity losses Quality losses 11 11 OTHER PERFORMANCE KPIs ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 12 Other performance KPIs Besides OEE, there are FIVE other KPIs that EPEMSB track, monitor and analyze: ? Production volume (net production) ? Utilization ? Reliability ? Operational Availability ? Mechanical Availability ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 13 Production Volume Production volume is without doubt the most important KPI to be tracked and reported at various levels of management Typically reported in metric ton (MT) or kilometric ton (kMT) Official production volume is reported by planners Official production volume is taken from 1st to 1st of every month ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 14 Utilization z Utilization External factors: Downtime 3a – Lack of economic feedstock 3b – Economics 3c – Lack of storage 3d Others Slowdown S2 – Slowdown (external upstream) S3 – Slowdown (external downstream) S4 – Slowdown (Others/ force majoure) Not Normal Plant Operations 2a Debottle necking 2b Revamp/ Rejuvenation Formula: Net Production (x) Maximum Sustainabl e Rate (z) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate Turnaround Normal Plant Operations 1a Scheduled Normal Plant downtime Operations (excluding Turnaround) 1b Unscheduled downtime 1c – Consequential downtime Adjusted Capacity Available Capacity Slowdown S1 – Slowdown (internal) x Net Production Quality (Reject , off spec. or flaring) Gross Production Indirect losses Availability losses Productivity losses Quality losses 15 15 Reliability Reliability is used to determine the impact of unscheduled downtime over mission time*. Formula: Re liability 1 UnscheduledDowntime(Category b) 1 TotalTime ScheduledD owntime(Category a) 1 r simply R = 1– ( TT – P ) U Mission Time = Total Time – Scheduled Downtime Total time = Total number of calendar days ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 16 Operational Availability Operational Availability is used to determine the impact of all downtime (excluding slowdown). Formula: Operationa lAvailability 1 Downtime(Categories ,2,3) 1 TotalTime or simply OA = 1 â₠¬â€œ ( E+U+P TT ) Total time = Total number of calendar days ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 17 Mechanical Availability Mechanical Availability is used to determine the impact of scheduled and unscheduled downtime. Formula: MechanicalAvailability 1 Downtime(Category a 1b) 1 TotalTime or simply OA = 1 – ( U+P TT ) Total time = Total number of calendar days ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 18 Volume-based vs. Time-based Take note that: Volume, OEE Utilization – Volume-based Reliability, Operational Availability Mechanical Availability – Time-based ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 19 END OF PRESENTATION ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 20