Negotiating Skills - 2941 Words

NEGOTIATING SKILLS CASE STUDY TOPIC: MANAGING INDUSTRIAL UNREST: A CARIBBEAN CONUNDRUM By David A. Matthery Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Identification and examination of angle being used 4 Case Analysis (Application of negotiating skills concepts) 5 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 12 Executive Summary The organisation structure determines the manner and extent to which roles, power and responsibilities are delegated, controlled and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of†¦show more content†¦Identification and examination of angle being used Cultural Implications This case study is being analysed from the angle of â€Å"Cultural Implications†. â€Å"Culture determines the â€Å"meaning system† of a social environment†. (Lewicki) It often shapes what kinds of power are seen as legitimate and illegitimate or how people influence and react to influence. Culture often translates into deeply embedded structural inequalities in both organisations and society at large. (Lewicki) Organisational culture is the behaviour of humans who are part of an organisation and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organisation values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits. It is also the pattern of such collective behaviours and assumptions that are taught to new organisational members as a way of perceiving, and even thinking and feeling. Organisational culture affects the way people and groups interact with each other, with clients, and with stakeholders. Inside organisations power inequality of the boss-subordinates relationships is functional and reflects inequality according to Hofstede. 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The Spirit Of Spirit Animal - 1144 Words

The spirit animal that you identify with is more than a symbol. Shamans believe that spirit animals are guides and protectors during your life s journey. Finding and relating to your spirit animal provides you with power and insight into your subconscious that can help to guide you on the path that s right for you. Identifying your spirit animal then understanding how they guide you is essential for finding your path. How Does Your Spirit Animal Help You While you might have animals that you love and admire, that doesn t mean that type of animal is your spirit animal. Your specific power animal isn t just the answer to an interview question about what type of animal you see yourself as. Your spirit animal helps you identify parts of yourself that need to be enhanced or worked on for ultimate happiness and fulfillment. Why You re Searching for Your Spirit Animal Your spirit animal can help you nurture or evaluate your current relationships to find new perspectives and enlightenment. It will help you by providing guidance and support when you re going through a trying time in your life too. Your spirit animal guides you through situations that provide strong emotions that can leave you confused and disheartened. You might even feel inspired and powerful through your spirit animal s influence. Your Spirit Animal Chooses You When you open yourself to the world around you, your spirit animal reveals itself to you. When you re not open to the experience, your spiritShow MoreRelatedAnimal Spirits : How Human Psychology Drives The Economy1602 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduce the concept of â€Å"animal spirits† and how the world’s economy is driven by this. According with their view, these â€Å"animal spirits† are composed of: confidence, fairness, antisocial behaviour, money illusion and stories. 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Evaluation and Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Questions: 1. Discuss the different types of dementia.(PICK 4TO 5 TYPES OF DEMETIA AND DISCUSS THE DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICATIONS) 2. Exploring the carers roles, responsibilities, functions and adopt their practice to meet individual needs.(IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT NEEDS) 3. Analyse the impact of dementia on the health, behaviour and quality of life of people with dementia and their families.(PERSONAL LIFE ,FAMILYAND SOCIAL LIFE) 4. Explore the implementation of person centred care strategies with an inter disciplinary multi-agency team.(DEFINE PERSON CENTRE CARE,HOW DO THEY IMPLEMENT IT ) 5. Discuss some of the ethical and legal issues impacting on people with dementia and their carers. Answers: Dementia or senility is a kind of brain disease that remains associated with regular and long term decrease in the ability to think and remember. The decrease in the ability tends to affect the daily functioning of an individual's life (Brroker and Latham 2015). Language problems, emotional problems, and a decrease in motivation are some of the most common symptoms that are seen in case of dementia. Dementia can be of various types, and each type is associated with causing different kinds of cognitive disorder. The disease also produces a significant impact on an individuals caregiver (Prince et al. 2013). Thus, the present assignment will help to emphasize on different types of dementia by identifying the needs and analyzing the impact of the disease on the health, behavior and quality of the patient. Furthermore, the assignment will also help to explore the strategies that need to be implemented for successfully dealing with patients with dementia along with the discussion of the e thical and the legal issues impacting the people suffering from dementia. Different types of Dementia, diagnosis and medication According to Jung (2015), the four most prevalent forms of dementia are: 1) Alzheimers disease, 2) Vascular Dementia, 3) Lewy Body Dementia and 4) Frontotemporal Dementia Alzheimer's disease is the most common and well known form of dementia. The common symptoms associated with the disease include paranoia, memory loss, anxiousness, and confusion (Brooker and Latham 2015). The primary diagnosis method of Alzheimer does include evaluation of the patients medical history. This also includes proper monitoring of the behavioral changes that are observed in case of an Alzheimer patient. Diagnosis of the disease also includes advanced medical imaging that remains associated with computed topography (CT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Alagiakrihsnan, Bhanji and Kurjan 2013). Memory testing that includes assessment of the intellectual functioning also helps in further characterization of the disease. The conventional medication for Alzheimer involves the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's). Donepezil is the most common medicine used for treating different stages of Alzheimers (Alzheimers Association 2013). Diagnosis of vascular dementia includes assessment of the symptoms and the mental abilities that include evaluation of the full medical history and other conditions in relation to the disease that includes high blood pressure and strokes (Andel et al. 2012). It also includes a physical examination and brain scans such as CT scan for detecting the presence of brain tumor or any other shrinking activity associated with the brain. The neuropsychological test helps in better assessment of the people for people suffering from vascular dementia. The most common medication that is used includes a range of antihypertensives, antiplatelets, anticoagulants such as warfarin and antidepressants such as nimodipine, hydergine and others (Moreno-Ramos et al. 2013). Apart from the normal diagnostic methods like CT scan and MRI, diagnosis of Lewy body dementia includes a detailed study of the patient's lifestyle and the medical history. It also specifically includes other pathological and neuropsychological tests as well. Diagnosis also involves the method of postmortem autopsy (Stinton et al. 2015). In certain cases, brain autopsies are also performed for detecting any brain stroking, bleeding or presence of any brain tumor. A large number of cholinesterase inhibitors such as rivastigimine are used as the primary medication for the disease (Andel et al. 2012). In the case of Frontotemporal dementia, the diagnosis method specifically includes brain scans by the method of positron emission topography that helps in visualizing the brain metabolism for identifying the abnormalities present (Moreno-Ramos et al. 2013). Diagnosis also includes neurological examination for obtaining a detailed about the patients history. Diagnosis technique also includes evaluation of the motor functions and other cognitive functioning that includes measuring of memory, concentration, and problem solving ability and language skills. The diagnosis methods specifically include electromyography, spinal tap, CT-scan and MRI (Pressman and Miller 2014). A large number of antidepressant drugs such as fluoxetine, paroxetine and others are used as the primary medication. Secondary medication includes the use of antipsychotics in small doses such as olanzepine, risperdine, ziprasidone (Noel-Storr et al. 2013). Identification of different needs A caregiver needs to develop a better understanding of the patients suffering from dementia. It is very much essential for the caregiver to understand the behavioral changes. The care giver shall also need to assess the causes of the difficulties in communication that the patient is having (Moreno-Ramos et al. 2013). In the case of severe dementia, the caregiver also needs to understand the feeling associated with the patient and develop suitable strategies for dealing with them. Thus, it is very much essential to comprehend and analyze the underlying pathophysiological and neurological problems associated with for attaining improvement in the status of the patients. The care giver must understand the needs of the patient that will help in restoring the decline in the mental functioning of the patients (Pressman and Miller 2014). It is also essential to provide the family givers with proper training, education, and knowledge regarding the ability for a better understanding of the con dition of the patient suffering from dementia. Development of effective communication style is also an important aspect as it helps in better understanding and interpretation of the patient's therapeutic process. It also helps the caregiver to effectively monitor the movements and the actions that are shown by the patients. Patients suffering from dementia are also associated with changes in the emotional responses. According to Noel-Storr et al. (2013), patients with dementia have less control over their self-expressing power and thus have less control over their feelings. These changes are primarily due to the damage cause in the brain. Hence, the caregivers shall need to understand the behavioral changes in patients effectively in response to the reaction shown by the patients in accordance with a particular situation (Brooker and Latham 2015). The caregivers need to effectively figure out the needs and, therefore, meet them where it is possible. Understanding the needs of the pa tient also includes the understanding of the sleeping habits, memory loss, and extent of the damage caused in the brain (Jung 2015). Thus exploring the carer roles involves the ability of the person to deal with the patient. This includes setting up a positive mood, provide a better platform for understanding the needs of the patients, and break down the activities thus implemented in a series of steps that includes a response to proper affection and assurance (Andel et al. 2012). This includes exploration of the additional problems as well that includes an approach for identifying the cognitive capabilities in a systematic way by the implementation of a standardized set of performance-based assessments. Impact of dementia on health, behavior and quality of life of people with dementia and their families People with dementia gradually lose their ability to think and remember things especially concerning the events and the conversations (Alagiakrishnan et al. 2013). As a result, they are not able to reason out things effectively which leads to inappropriate behavior. Since dementia is a slow disease, loss of brain function occurs with the progress of the disease. Thus, patients will dementia gradually lose their ability for solving problems, get surrounding by familiar surroundings, develops poor decision making abilities and also develops a poor emotional control (Stinton et al. 2015). They respond very slowly to the situation and behave in a confused manner. They also develop problems like agitation, cognitive disorder, delusions, and anger. This causes a loss of the ability and difficulty in performing the daily tasks. They also seem to lose interest from the activities and at a later stage might not even recognize their family members as well (Chiong et al. 2015). Dementia also sh ows an intense effect on the person's quality of life which makes them feel isolated, embarrassed, frustrated and confused. In general, the impact of dementia on an individual's daily life is broadly classified into four main categories: Functional effects (problems involving social issues, slower interactions) Cognitive effects (short term memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, poor concentration) Psychological effects (anxiety, depression, motivation loss) Behavioral effects (verbal aggression, inappropriate responses) The most common feelings that the family experience include grief, loss, guilt, and anger. Guilty may rise regarding the fact that the family members may be embarrassed for not providing the right care to the patient during proper time. Grief is the most frequent form of an impact that has been seen among the family members (Noel-Storr et al. 2013). People caring for the patient experience grief for the loss of the patient that may occur in the near future. It also hampers the relationship between the patient and the family as because patient suffering from dementia shows anger and may remain associated with the feeling of isolation (Pressman and Miller 2014). Under such circumstances, the communication between the family members is also hampered because at certain situation the family members may not be able to understand the needs and what the patient is trying to express. This leads to misinterpretation of the emotional thoughts (Miranda-Castillo, Woods and Orrell 2013). The famil y members sometimes also develop a feeling of anger among themselves taking into consideration the fact that they are annoyed by the behavior of the patient. This in turn also leads to a sense of distress, frustration and annoyance as well. Implementation of person centered care strategies Person-centered care refers to the way of thinking and doing things that help in seeing people using social and health services for developing, planning and monitoring care in such a way that the needs of the people are met (Van Mierlo et al. 2012). This specifically helps in viewing individuals and their families as experts working alongside the health care providers. The implementation of the effective strategies includes a better understanding of the person's behavior regarding mood and unmet needs. An effective strategy involves providing care for understanding the social, cultural and individual needs of the patient suffering from dementia (Eggenberger, Heimerl and Bennett 2013). Thus, implementation of the effective strategies includes adaptation and learning of appropriate behavior in a specific way that will help in better understanding of the people suffering from dementia. It is also implemented in a way that it provides proper value to the people who has been given the care regardless of the way the people act, communicate or behave by understanding the position of the patients by providing communication through normal mode or improved social skills (Clay et al. 2013). The implementation also involves improvement in the quality of life of patients for whom the care is provided. The caregiver also needs to implement strategies in a way th at will help them in better learning for tolerating the repetitive, irritating, hurtful and the meaningless behavior from then patients suffering from dementia (Lavretsky et al. 2013). This also includes a better understanding of the sentiment and the responses that come from the people suffering from dementia (Dewar and Nolan 2013). The implementation also includes that the caregivers should have enough information and ideas regarding the care that has been provided for the patients with dementia. The application also includes an introduction of nonverbal communications and providing assistance for independence oriented duties. Ethical and legal issues impacting on people with dementia Some of the ethical and legal issues that primarily affect people with dementia and their carers include the timing and the communication of the diagnosis. It thus suggests that diagnosis of dementia shall need to be done as early as possible and also needs to be communicated directly to the individuals. People suffering from dementia shall need to have a direct access to good quality assessment and also the patients needs to get the proper support from time to time. According to Johnson and Karlawish (2015), the UK Department of Health shall need to initiate more research based on the fact why there exists a huge variation in the diagnosis technique carried out during dementia. The ethical issues also help in highlighting the fact that the doctor-patient relationship during the diagnosis method produces large implications for the patients as well as the on the family members who plays a significant role for information and support. The carers associated with for communicating the di agnosis of the disease shall also need to actively encourage the person with dementia for sharing necessary information by clearing the fact that diagnosis at an early stage is very much required (Mitchell and Templeton 2014). Considering the legal framework, The Mental Capacity Act of 2005 helps provides the legal framework for decision making that can be granted to patients suffering from dementia in England and the surrounding areas. The Act also contains specific provision to make "advance decision" for people suffering from dementia. The act plays a significant role in providing a wider scope for people suffering from dementia based on their concerns and needs. This also helps in extracting a sufficient amount of information that is required for dealing with the abnormal behaviors of the patients (Johnson and Karlawish 2015). The report suggests that in most of the cases people suffering from dementia, always tries to promote their interest in their autonomy and well-to be (Mit chell and Templeton 2014). References Alagiakrishnan, K., Bhanji, R.A. and Kurian, M., 2013. Evaluation and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different types of dementia: a systematic review.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,56(1), pp.1-9. Alzheimer's Association, 2013. 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's dementia,9(2), pp.208-245. Andel, R., Crowe, M., Hahn, E.A., Mortimer, J.A., Pedersen, N.L., Fratiglioni, L., Johansson, B. and Gatz, M., 2012. Workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related stress may increase the risk of vascular dementia.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,60(1), pp.60-67. Brooker, D. and Latham, I., 2015.Person-Centred Dementia Care: Making Services Better with the VIPS Framework. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Chiong, W., Wood, K.A., Beagle, A.J., Hsu, M., Kayser, A.S., Miller, B.L. and Kramer, J.H., 2015. Neuroeconomic dissociation of semantic dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia.Brain, p.awv344. Clay, O.J., Grant, J.S., Wadley, V.G., Perkins, M.M., Haley, W.E. and Roth, D.L., 2013. Correlates of health-related quality of life in African American and Caucasian stroke caregivers.Rehabilitation psychology,58(1), p.28. Dewar, B. and Nolan, M., 2013. Caring about caring: developing a model to implement compassionate relationship centred care in an older people care setting.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(9), pp.1247-1258. Eggenberger, E., Heimerl, K. and Bennett, M.I., 2013. Communication skills training in dementia care: a systematic review of effectiveness, training content, and didactic methods in different care settings.International Psychogeriatrics,25(03), pp.345-358. Johnson, R.A. and Karlawish, J., 2015. A review of ethical issues in dementia.International Psychogeriatrics,27(10), pp.1635-1647. Jung, C.G., 2015.Psychology of Dementia Praecox. Princeton University Press. Lavretsky, H., Epel, E.S., Siddarth, P., Nazarian, N., Cyr, N.S., Khalsa, D.S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. and Irwin, M.R., 2013. A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,28(1), pp.57-65. Miranda-Castillo, C., Woods, B. and Orrell, M., 2013. The needs of people with dementia living at home from user, caregiver and professional perspectives: a cross-sectional survey.BMC health services research,13(1), p.1. Miranda-Castillo, C., Woods, B. and Orrell, M., 2013. The needs of people with dementia living at home from user, caregiver and professional perspectives: a cross-sectional survey.BMC health services research,13(1), p.1. Mitchell, G. and Templeton, M., 2014. Ethical considerations of doll therapy for people with dementia.Nursing ethics,21(6), pp.720-730. Moreno-Ramos, T., Benito-Len, J., Villarejo, A. and Bermejo-Pareja, F., 2013. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,34(3), pp.659-664. Noel-Storr, A.H., Flicker, L., Ritchie, C.W., Nguyen, G.H., Gupta, T., Wood, P., Walton, J., Desai, M., Solomon, D.F., Molena, E. and Worrall, R., 2013. Systematic review of the body of evidence for the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of dementia.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(3), pp.e96-e105. Pressman, P.S. and Miller, B.L., 2014. Diagnosis and management of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.Biological psychiatry,75(7), pp.574-581. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W. and Ferri, C.P., 2013. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(1), pp.63-75. Stinton, C., McKeith, I., Taylor, J.P., Lafortune, L., Mioshi, E., Mak, E., Cambridge, V., Mason, J., Thomas, A. and OBrien, J.T., 2015. Pharmacological management of lewy body dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American Journal of Psychiatry. Van Mierlo, L.D., Meiland, F.J., Van der Roest, H.G. and Dres, R.M., 2012. Personalised caregiver support: effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in subgroups of caregivers of people with dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,27(1), pp.1-14.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness Definition free essay sample

ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD TOOLS DOWN: OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) What is Tools Down? An activity where certain tools or knowledge is shared with a person or group of people with the intent to upskill those people in the usage of the tool or develop deep understanding of how the tool is utilized ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 2 OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 3 Definition OEE is used to measure plant performance against its limit and identify sources of loss within the plant. It measures how well we use the equipments when they are available. ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 4 To understand OEE better is to understand OEE waterfall chart†¦ y External factors Category 3* -i. e. , lack of demand, lack of feed, lack of storage and other external downtime Slowdown S2 – Slowdown (external upstream) S3 – Slowdown (external downstream) S4 – Slowdown (Others/ force majoure) Not Normal Plant Operations 2a* Debottle necking 2b* Revamp/ Rejuvenation Formula: This model is based on the latest OEE concept approved and endorsed during 36 th OPI Working Group Meeting and 61st Plant Managers Meeting. We will write a custom essay sample on Overall Equipment Effectiveness Definition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * As per the IPWE classification of downtime ** As per the OPI definition for OEE calculation *** In cases where the MSR is lower than Nameplate Capacity, Nameplate Capacity will be used instead of MSR ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate*** OEE Turnaround (DOSH requirements) Net Production (x) Adjusted Capacity (y) Adjusted Capacity** Normal Plant Operations 1a* Scheduled downtime (excluding Turnaround) Available Capacity** Normal Plant Operations 1b* Unscheduled downtime 1c – Consequential downtime Slowdown S1 – Slowdown (internal) x Net Production** Quality (Reject or off spec. ) Gross Production** Indirect losses Availability losses Productivity losses Quality losses 5 5 What is Maximum Sustainable Rate (MSR)? Maximum Sustainable Rate (MSR): OPU specifies its respective MSR for a period based on the highest daily throughput or production rate sustained over 30 consecutive days. In cases where the MSR is lower than Nameplate Capacity, Nameplate Capacity will be used instead of MSR. ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 6 External factors – Indirect losses ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate Category Not Normal Plant Operations Category 2* Downtime Definition Debottlenecking Revamp/Rejuvenation Lack of economic feedstock Economics Lack of storage Others Slowdown (external upstream) Slowdown (external downstream) Slowdown (Other/Force Majeure) 2a 2b 3a External Factors Category 3* Downtime Category S* Slowdown 3b 3c 3d S2 S3 S4 7 Internal factors – Downtime (Availability losses) Turnaround Category Turnaround Normal Plant Operations Category 1b 1c Normal Plant Operations Category 1a Definition ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Adjusted Capacity 1a 1b 1c Planned downtime Unplanned downtime Consequential downtime 8 Internal factors – Slowdown (Productivity losses) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Available Capacity Category Category S1 Definition Slowdown (Internal) S1 9 Internal factors – Slowdown (Quality losses) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Gross Production Net Production Category Quality loss Definition Quality Reject, offspec, flaring (Not applicable to EPEMSB) Official production as recorded by Production Planner 10 Recap†¦ y External factors: Downtime 3a – Lack of economic feedstock 3b – Economics 3c – Lack of storage 3d Others Slowdown S2 – Slowdown (external upstream) S3 – Slowdown (external downstream) S4 – Slowdown (Others/ force majoure) Not Normal Plant Operations 2a Debottle necking 2b Revamp/ Rejuvenation Formula: OEE Turnaround Net Production (x) Adjusted Capacity (y) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate Normal Plant Operations 1a Scheduled Normal Plant downtime Operations (excluding Turnaround) 1b Unscheduled downtime 1c – Consequential downtime Adjusted Capacity Available Capacity Slowdown S1 – Slowdown (internal) x Net Production Quality (Reject , off spec. or flaring) Gross Production Indirect losses Availability losses Productivity losses Quality losses 11 11 OTHER PERFORMANCE KPIs ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 12 Other performance KPIs Besides OEE, there are FIVE other KPIs that EPEMSB track, monitor and analyze: ? Production volume (net production) ? Utilization ? Reliability ? Operational Availability ? Mechanical Availability ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 13 Production Volume Production volume is without doubt the most important KPI to be tracked and reported at various levels of management Typically reported in metric ton (MT) or kilometric ton (kMT) Official production volume is reported by planners Official production volume is taken from 1st to 1st of every month ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 14 Utilization z Utilization External factors: Downtime 3a – Lack of economic feedstock 3b – Economics 3c – Lack of storage 3d Others Slowdown S2 – Slowdown (external upstream) S3 – Slowdown (external downstream) S4 – Slowdown (Others/ force majoure) Not Normal Plant Operations 2a Debottle necking 2b Revamp/ Rejuvenation Formula: Net Production (x) Maximum Sustainabl e Rate (z) ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD Maximum Sustainable Rate Turnaround Normal Plant Operations 1a Scheduled Normal Plant downtime Operations (excluding Turnaround) 1b Unscheduled downtime 1c – Consequential downtime Adjusted Capacity Available Capacity Slowdown S1 – Slowdown (internal) x Net Production Quality (Reject , off spec. or flaring) Gross Production Indirect losses Availability losses Productivity losses Quality losses 15 15 Reliability Reliability is used to determine the impact of unscheduled downtime over mission time*. Formula: Re liability 1 UnscheduledDowntime(Category b) 1 TotalTime ScheduledD owntime(Category a) 1 r simply R = 1– ( TT – P ) U Mission Time = Total Time – Scheduled Downtime Total time = Total number of calendar days ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 16 Operational Availability Operational Availability is used to determine the impact of all downtime (excluding slowdown). Formula: Operationa lAvailability 1 Downtime(Categories ,2,3) 1 TotalTime or simply OA = 1 â₠¬â€œ ( E+U+P TT ) Total time = Total number of calendar days ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 17 Mechanical Availability Mechanical Availability is used to determine the impact of scheduled and unscheduled downtime. Formula: MechanicalAvailability 1 Downtime(Category a 1b) 1 TotalTime or simply OA = 1 – ( U+P TT ) Total time = Total number of calendar days ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 18 Volume-based vs. Time-based Take note that: Volume, OEE Utilization – Volume-based Reliability, Operational Availability Mechanical Availability – Time-based ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 19 END OF PRESENTATION ETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD POLYETHYLENE MALAYSIA SDN BHD 20

Child Pornography on the Internet essays

Child Pornography on the Internet essays In this new age of Information, the Internet has made all types of information readily available. Some of this information can be very useful, some can be malicious. Child pornography, also known as Paedophilia is one of these problems. Any one person can find child pornography on the internet with just a few clicks of the mouse using any search engine. Despite webmaster's and law enforcement officials' efforts to control child pornography and shut down illegal sites, new sites are posted using several ways to mask their identity. The Internet provides a new world for curious children. It offers entertainment, opportunities for education, information and communication. The Internet is a tool that opens a window of opportunities. As Internet use grows, so do the risks of children being exposed to inappropriate material, in particular, criminal activity by paedophiles and child Many children first come in contact with the Internet at a very young age. Some children become victims of child pornography through close relatives who may have abused them. Some children become involved with chat services or newsgroup threads. It is usually through these sites that they meet child pornographers. Children may be asked to send explicit pictures of themselves taken either by a digital camera or scanned from a polaroid. The pornographer will then post the pictures on their web site, sometimes hiding them through encryption, steganography or password protecting them using a javascript or applet. Certain efforts have been made to control child pornography through legislation. In 1977 the Sexual Exploitation of Children Act was put into Legislation. (U.S. Code : Title 18, Section 2251-2253) The law prohibits the use of a minor in the making of pornography, the transport of a child across state lines, the taking of a pornographic picture of a minor, and th...

9 Reasons You Might Be Failing at Your Careerâ€And How to Fix It

9 Reasons You Might Be Failing at Your Career- And How to Fix It The time has come to talk about the â€Å"F† word. (No, not that â€Å"F† word.) Failure. No matter who you are or what you do, that word usually has the power to strike fear. If you suspect you’re already failing in your life (for example, you’re not where you thought you would be at this point, or you’ve experienced setbacks), that can be incredibly intimidating. It may keep you from shaking off bad habits and picking up new ones that would get you in a better place. This is especially true in your career. It can be super easy to fall into an inertia bubble and then find yourself shrugging helplessly when you know it’s time to get out. Let’s look at some of the reasons you might think you’re failing at your professional life, and what you can do about them.1. You feel helpless to make changes.This is one I struggle with all. the. time. You may not think you’re helpless per se, but maybe you just feel overwhelmed by dail y minutiae, and you feel like staying afloat is all you can accomplish. If you’re managing only what comes your way, you’re troubleshooting rather than improving.What to do about it: Realize that you do have a say in your daily life, even at work where things might seem very regimented or non-negotiable. If you want to take more agency and control in your life, it starts with you. Learn to advocate for yourself, and negotiate what you want. You’d be surprised at what you can get if you learn to ask for it in the right way.2. You’re too busy blaming other people.I’d be much further along if Susan weren’t getting all the attention and good projects at work. I’d be making more money if Frank paid more attention to what I’m doing. I’d have a better job if it weren’t for my cat/my parents/my therapist.What to do about it: You do you. Your career is yours, and yours alone. This means that ultimately, your decisions are your responsibility- not your cat’s, your parents’, or your therapist’s. It’s time to stop blaming, and instead start thinking about what it would take for you to get what you want: that raise, the good projects, the job you want. Blaming others takes up a lot of mental energy, which you should instead be using to do an internal audit of why things aren’t working out the way you want- and what steps you can take to make progress.3. You’re settling for a mediocre status quo.This is an especially insidious kind of failure. You’re comfortable enough, have a job that pays your bills, but you’re not really going anywhere. It’s settling for the good-enough-right-now, at the expense of what is good for you in the future.What to do about it: Do things that scare you a little (within reason). You don’t have to go busting every piece of your status quo right now, but if you start by doing one thing every week that is outsid e your comfort zone, you’ll likely find that â€Å"status quo† expanding around you. Take on a project that is a bit of a stretch. Take a class in a new skill. Apply for that reach job. If you find yourself hesitating, ask yourself why, and what you have to lose if you go for it. And if the answer isn’t â€Å"it’s physically dangerous† or â€Å"this will cause a divorce,† then consider moving forward with it after all.4. You don’t have the resources or education.If you avoid applying for jobs because you don’t have the necessary skills, experience, or education, that feeling of failure may creep in while you’re browsing job openings. It’s hard not to feel like a failure if all you can see are closed doors.What to do about it: Take a class! Going for a new degree (or completing an old one) just may not be feasible for everyone, but there are often ways to get around the traditional â€Å"going back to school† model. For skill-building, sites like Lynda.com offer free or relatively inexpensive courses you can take on your own time. There are also many universities and colleges that offer part-time degree programs, or non-degree courses online. There are so many ways to stay academically active and keep learning, even when time or money is tight.5. You’re avoiding hard truths.Facing reality is hard. That’s why we have 8 million things to distract our attention at any given time. Cat videos, TV, social media- we all have ways of decompressing and avoiding reality for a while. Those are all temporary, though. Ultimately you’ll have to think about new and different ways of doing things, or facts that make you uncomfortable. If you’ve been avoiding thinking about your professional future because it might lead to uncomfortable realizations about the choices you’ve made and the ones you will need to make in the future, then you’re setting yourself up f or failure.What to do about it: Time for a little self-audit. Where are you in your career, what’s keeping you in it, and where do you want to be in five years? This is an exercise just for you- no one else will see or judge, so it’s important to be extremely honest about what you have, and what you want.6. You think you’re too old to make changes.We often pick our career paths pretty early in life, based on what we want to study in college, or what we think we’d be good at doing when we’re 18. And think about it: how well do many of the life decisions you made when you were 18 still hold up? How many of your hobbies and interests are the same? You’re not locked into a career that you chose because it seemed like a good idea at the time. As you change, you’re never too old to change your professional path.What to do about it: If you feel stuck in a path that doesn’t interest you anymore, think about making a change- no matter h ow significant. Think about what it is you want to be doing, and start doing real research into what it would take- like education, certification, or skills. These are all things you can work on in the meantime, before you make any big moves.7. Your fear of failure has you pinned down.Failing because you fear failure? Is that a thing? Yes, yes it is. It’s possible to back right into failure while you’re on guard against it, avoiding risky changes or proactive steps that could result in failing. This kind of failure is sneaky, because it comes right from the place you thought you were watching.What to do about it: Don’t be afraid to be bad at something, or to make a bad decision once in a while. Failure can actually be one of the great learning experiences, painful though it may feel in the meantime. By letting fear of failure paralyze you, it can kill your career progress. Your professional life thrives on both your successes and your failures.8. You’re o verestimating your abilities.Full disclosure: I’m failing at being a ballet dancer. This is because I am the biggest klutz ever, I don’t have the right body type, and†¦oh yeah†¦I have very few ballet skills. So Misty Copeland’s title is probably safe. But if I expected to be a ballet dancer at this point in my career, I’d be making a fatal assumption that I could be one in my current state. It’s one thing to be confident in the abilities you have, but another thing entirely to be confident that you’ll be good at something without the education or skills to back it up. This kind of mindset lets you get comfortable in the idea that you don’t need to learn or do new things, because you’re the best the way you are.What to do about it: Embrace your strengths, work on your weaknesses, and accept the need to be realistic about what you can do.9. You’re not setting realistic goals.If you’re not planning your car eer in a realistic way, of course you’re going to feel like a failure- you set it up that way yourself. Going from entry level to CEO in two years was never going to happen.What to do about it: Time to set up some SMART goals. That’s Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Based. Setting these career goals both in the short-term (say, for the next year) and the long-term (five years or beyond) will help you make progress that you can quantify. There are lots of apps and tools you can use to help you, but don’t underestimate the power of a good old-fashioned checklist, and the smug, well-earned sense of satisfaction you get as you check something off the list.If you feel like you’re failing, it’s never too late to stop, figure out why, and start taking concrete steps out of the muck. Understanding why you’re failing is the most important first step you can take.

Apple Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Apple Case Analysis - Essay Example There was no surprise to see people standing in long queues eagerly anticipating the launch of ipad3, almost everyone wanted to get their hands on the newest gadget launched by Apple again underlining their dominance and global reach. Apple is arguably the best brand in the world because they have spent a lot of money on innovation and they have achieved their objectives in the recent past of making their gadgets better than other similar gadgets available in the market. Steve Jobs always wanted to make a computer which was easy to use and he managed to do it, Apple II was launched in the year 1978. It was an easy to use computer, it is said that the launch of Apple II completely revolutionized the computing industry. Apple also became a leader after the launch of Apple II in 1978. Competitive Position Apple’s dominance was challenged by IBM, IBM entered the fray in the year 1981, Apple found their newest rivals in IBM. There was a major difference between the systems produced by the two companies, Apple’s computer was a prototype and could not be cloned on the contrary IBM’s system could be cloned by others very easily. IBM heavily relied on Intel to supply processors but that was not the case with Apple. IBM’s entry into the market did not affect Apple’s revenue but IBM took away the market share from Apple to a certain extent and Apple had their eyes set on winning the market share once again and restoring normalcy. A significant changed occurred in the year 1984; a very young Steve Jobs presented Macintosh to the whole world in an endeavor to win back their lost market share. The technical elegance and the design of the new Macintosh, was captivating beyond imagination but when it came to performance the Macintosh disappointed its users. It was really slow and because of these lags it did not sell as expected by the honchos at Apple. Between 1983 and 1984 Apple had a torrid time, net income of the company fell by 17% and s uddenly the company was in crisis. Steve Jobs was removed from his post after these series of setbacks, John Sculley was at the helm back them. He was the same man who reinvigorated Pepsi and fought successfully against Coca Cola to gain dominance. Sculley worked on graphics and designs and knew that these were the two key elements that could take Apple to where it originally belongs. Desktop publishing was another key area which Sculley targeted and Apple all of a sudden started producing systems which were best when it came to desktop publishing. Major Competitive Advantages As discussed earlier Apple’s design and elegance were two factors which gave it an edge over other companies but these two factors were anything but enough to propel the company to the very top. Several other competitive changes were made by Sculley during his time at the helm, his tie-up with Aldus which is now known as Adobe was a great move for Apple and it restored much needed stability in the compa ny, products designed by Aldus were used for desktop publishing and the same made Apple one of the best in the world once again post the Steve Jobs era. The Macintosh started selling like hotcakes once the products made by Aldus were used in the Macintosh, Apple recorded record sales of the Macintosh and that was when Apple regained its prominence. Accessories like laser printers were also sold by Apple and the same had unmatched capabilities and this is why

Hybrid buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hybrid buildings - Essay Example Ancient hybridity began by home owners using animal skin amongst other animal and nature products to beautify their homes. Hybridity also began with experiments on human beings by cross-culturing different genes. It was later that this concept was brought to the design of homes such that homes in urban areas could have the richness and wholeness of nature (Joseph, 35). Homes in urban areas also laced space to extend their gardens and some architecture went as far as placing magnificent gardens on rooftops. The cost of land has continued to soar to sky high prices hence people have less land to beatify their compounds (Joseph 20). Programs have been developed to help make office space have auditoriums to enhance the greenery of the environment. Building serve more than one purpose such as office buildings having car parks too and even malls being developed to house various activities such as housing exhibition halls, hotels, clubs, swimming pool, libraries, among others. Making buildings multi-functional has helped ease congestion on land and reduce the cost of acquiring separate space for other activities (Joseph, 30). Many hybrid types have been and are still being developed. It is this ingenuity of architects that will help transform this century into something admirable for future generations (Joseph

Why my family is important Essay Example for Free

Why my family is important Essay Together with family, household is considered one of the basic groups of social aggregation. Information on household numbers and composition aids in identifying groups within the population such as Indigenous households or the number of people living alone. For the Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement (CSHA) data collections, the number of tenancy agreements is a practical proxy for calculating the number of households receiving housing assistance. The persons in the group may pool their incomes and have a common budget to a greater or lesser extent: they may be related or unrelated persons, or a combination of both. Only usual residents of the household are included as members of the household. Visitors to a household are, by definition, excluded from the household. Blood is always thicker than water. I learnt that phrase when I was much younger, but I never appreciated it until now. My brother was the only one who stood by me when I was being bullied in school at one time. He saw me cornered by a boy whom he knew to be a school bully and he did not wait a second more before stepping in to prevent me from being beaten by that boy. Once I quarrelled with my best friend, who was popular and everyone else was against me for quarrelling with him. My parents consoled me and encouraged me to be happier. They gave me the sound advice of believing in myself. I cannot thank them enough for the support that they have given me so far. My parents are also responsible for my love of learning in life. They make me feel intelligent and well-loved. I know that I am someone important to them. My family will always be there for me while friends are transient. After so many experiences with friends, I realise that I can always choose my friends. It also takes a long time to find a sincere and true friend. With family, it is different because my family cares for me no matter what happens. My brother and I may have our differences but we always manage to make matters work somehow.

Aphra Behns Poem To the Fair Clarinda Essay -- Aphra Behn Fair Clarin

Aphra Behn's Poem "To the Fair Clarinda" In her poem â€Å"To the fair Clarinda,† Aphra Behn writes of a companionship between the speaker and Clarinda. This paper will attempt to prove that Clarinda is a hermaphrodite instead of a woman as is popularly believed, thus completely changing the meaning of the poem. In the first few lines, the speaker decides to call Clarinda â€Å"Lovely Charming Youth† (4) instead of â€Å"Fair lovely Maid† (1). The speaker says that the name will â€Å"lessen my constraint† (6). This could refer to the sexual feelings that are holding her back because of the womanly part of Clarinda. â€Å"And without Blushes I the Youth persue† (7) tells how the speaker is not embarrassed to desire Clarinda now that she is referred to as a Youth. Farther into the first stanza, the speaker talks about how the love between her and Clarinda is not wrong because Clarinda is perceived by the rest of the world to be only a woman, and two women in a friendly, romantic relationship was perfectly normal at this time. The speaker says that Clarinda was born as a hermaph...

In “The Stone Angel,” Margaret Laurence writes a gripping story seen though the eyes of an old woman nearing the end of her life

At ninety, Hagar Shipley speaks touchingly of the dangers of growing old and reflects with bitterness, humor, and a sorrowful perception of her own frailties on the life She has led. In this story circumstances and character traits are most influential in shaping the lives of the characters, especially Hagar Shipley. An example of a character trait that is most influential in shaping the live of a character is at the beginning of this novel. From her childhood as a daughter of a Scottish merchant to her marriage, Hagar has fought a long and wrong battle for freedom and respect. Her life has been ruled by her concern of external appearances and behavior. Although She felt love and happiness, She refused to show it fearing others may view it as a weakness. Hagar has divided feelings about her husband, her passionate fondness to one son, Marvin, and her negligence of another, John. She is sometimes regretful but rarely sorry. The main internal characteristic responsible for this was her pride. This is supported by the comment she made: â€Å"Pride was my wilderness and the demon that led me there was fear. † She has been afraid of being unrespectable, afraid of needing too much and giving too much and her pride is both unsettling and inspirational. Hagar inherited this strong pride from her father, Jason Currie, along with other poor qualities. However, Hagar tries to escape from her own poor qualities to which She is imprisoned; attempting to stuff the emptiness within her. Throughout her life, Hagar is desperately trying to escape. Even though Hagar has pride of herself, She becomes progressively more powerless to care for herself and therefore becomes an unbearable tension on her son, Marvin and his wife, Doris. This tension makes them decide to put her in a nursing home because they can no longer take care of her. She is full of anger, but is childlike and illogical. She needs support with almost everything, yet She irritably refuses aid. Despite her knowing that She is a worry, she denies it herself. Despite character traits being most significant, circumstances within this story too are also as influential as the character traits. An illustration of this is the use of Lilacs by the author, Margaret Laurence, to indicate many bad events in The Stone Angel. This color is portrayed through a silk dress that Hagar wears many times in this novel. The Lilac dress is introduced on the day that Hagar purchases the dress. She refers to the past on the day She bought the dress with Doris, her daughter in law. I wear my lilac silk because the day seems Sunday†¦ How annoyed She was with me when I bought this dress. † She mentions that her feet are aching and is very tired. Doris on the other hand does not think this silk is worth buying. Though she does not like this dress Doris thinks she will buy it anyways and this started all the bad happenings that are related to this lilac silk dress. One such bad happening in the novel is when She wears the lilac silk dress at the dinner t able with Marvin and Doris. She then notices that something is wrong. â€Å"What is it? I want to shout the question impatiently at the face. Instead I fold my hands, as I am meant to do over my silk lilac belly, and wait. † She later finds out that She lives in with her husband and her family for many years. Doris keeps on pushing Marvin to tell Hagar that She should let go of the house and move on with her life. Hagar feels that her life is joyful and does not think that She needs a change. As a conclusion, circumstances and character traits have both been most influential in shaping the lives of the characters in The Stone Angel.

Summary of Courtroom Observations

On October 8, 2009 I attended a general sessions court at the Lexington County Courthouse. At this time the Judge was hearing guilty pleas. There were many people in the rather large courtroom that day. The courtroom was much larger than the one I had visited during drug court here in Spartanburg. Before the day’s session began I could see many defense attorneys going over their cases with their clients, some of whom were wearing bright orange jumpsuits that told me they were held in jail prior to their court hearing. Some of the defense lawyers appeared to have more than one client. I noticed that there were two gentlemen seated at the state solicitor’s table and another, younger, gentleman would periodically walk up to them and hand them some documents. The two state solicitors already had a large stack of papers next to them. Seated down and to the left of where the judge would sit, once he arrived, was a woman at a computer, the court reporter and a little further to the left of her was the clerk of court. Stationed at a door to the left and behind the large raised desk that was the judge’s desk was a bailiff. There was another bailiff stationed at the rear door of the courthouse where I walked in through while entering. The judge walked in and before he did so we were told of his approaching and were asked to raise. The judge was a tall older man with gray hair. He looked very bored with what was about to fill up his day; ready to get it over with. Before he gave his instructions to the prosecution to begin with their first plea bargain, he took his time going over some of the paperwork placed on his desk by the clerk of court. Then finally he was ready to begin the day’s court session. When given the nod of approval, the prosecution stood up and called out their first case. The first defendant that was called forth was a young woman who had pled guilty to check fraud. I do not remember the exact amount, but I do remember that it was not very much money. She was given two years on probation with a suspended sentence on top of that. Another case that was called a little bit later was for armed robbery of a convenience store. This case stuck out to me because the store that was robbed was one I had been to many times. The young man who pled guilty to this crime received much more time than the check fraud woman. He was also one of those individuals dressed in bright orange and they took him away immediately. I noticed for the most part there were not very many family members of the individuals there. There seemed to be a small group of students from USC Columbia doing the same thing I was, observing court proceedings. They appeared to be a little older than me and could have been law students. To all of the people who were the normal courtroom players I could tell that the day’s proceeding were nothing new to them. The judge would ask the defendant how he or she pled and they would say guilty. The prosecution would then tell the judge what they felt the punishment should be as determined by the plea bargain that they had made and the judge would agree with it and would sentence the offender. The whole process seemed very repetitive and scripted. There was seldom a deviation from the way that one trail was conducted to the way the next was conducted. I defiantly knew that all of the courtroom dramas on television would never last if they showed plea bargains instead of full jury trails. The plea bargains seemed like little more than a official ritual that needed to take place just to get a paper signed. There is probably a much faster way to conduct plea bargains but I’m sure it probably would conflict with an offender’s due process laws.

Genetic Variation Definition, Causes, and Examples

Genetic Variation Definition, Causes, and Examples Definition In genetic variation, the genetic makeup of organisms within a population change. Genes are inherited segments of DNA that contain codes for the production of proteins. Genes exists in alternate versions, or alleles that determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring.   Genetic variation is important to the processes of natural selection and biological evolution. The genetic variations that arise in a population happen by chance, but the process of natural selection does not. Natural selection is the result of the interactions between genetic variations in a population and the environment. The environment determines which genetic variations are more favorable or better suited for survival. As organisms with these environmentally selected genes survive and reproduce, more favorable traits are passed on to the population as a whole. Key Takeaways: Genetic Variation Genetic variation refers to differences in the genetic makeup of individuals in a population.Genetic variation is necessary in natural selection. In natural selection, organisms with environmentally selected traits are better able to adapt to the environment and pass on their genes.Major causes of variation include mutations, gene flow, and sexual reproduction.DNA mutation causes genetic variation by altering the genes of individuals in a population.Gene flow leads to genetic variation as new individuals with different gene combinations migrate into a population.Sexual reproduction promotes variable gene combinations in a population leading to genetic variation.Examples of genetic variation include eye color, blood type, camouflage in animals, and leaf modification in plants. Genetic Variation Causes Computer graphic illustration depicting a point mutation. A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed.   Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Genetic variation occurs mainly through DNA mutation, gene flow (movement of genes from one population to another) and sexual reproduction. Due to the fact that environments are unstable, populations that are genetically variable will be able to adapt to changing situations better than those that do not contain genetic variation. DNA Mutation: A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. These variations in gene sequences can sometimes be advantageous to an organism. Most mutations that result in genetic variation produce traits that  confer neither an advantage or disadvantage. Mutations lead to genetic variation by altering genes and alleles in a population. They may impact an individual gene or an entire chromosome. Although mutations change an organisms genotype (genetic makeup), they may not necessarily change an organisms phenotype.Gene Flow: Also called gene migration, gene flow introduces new genes into a population as organisms migrate into a new environment. New gene combinations are made possible by the availability of new alleles in the gene pool. Gene frequencies may also be altered by emigration of organisms out of a population. Immigration of new organisms into a population may help organisms better adapt to changing environmental conditions. Migration of organisms out of a population could re sult in a lack of genetic diversity. Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction promotes genetic variation by producing different gene combinations. Meiosis is the process by which sex cells or gametes are created. Genetic variation occurs as alleles in gametes are separated and randomly united upon fertilization. The genetic recombination of genes also occurs during crossing over or the swapping of gene segments in homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Genetic Variation Examples A true albino squirrel photographed eating a nut in Companies Garden in Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa.   David G Richardson/Getty Images Favorable genetic traits in a population are determined by the environment. Organisms that are better able to adapt to their environment survive to pass on their genes and favorable traits. Sexual selection is commonly seen in nature as animals tend to select mates that have traits that are favorable. As females mate more often with males considered to have more favorable traits, these genes occur more often in a population over time. A persons skin color, hair color, dimples, freckles, and blood type are all examples of genetic variations that can occur in a human population. Examples of genetic variation in plants include the modified leaves of carnivorous plants and the development of flowers that resemble insects to lure plant pollinators. Gene variation in plants often occurs as the result of gene flow. Pollen is dispersed from one area to another by the wind or by pollinators over great distances. Examples of genetic variation in animals include albinism, cheetahs with stripes, snakes that fly, animals that play dead, and animals that mimic leaves. These variations enable the animals to better adapt to conditions in their environments.

Katharine Burr Blodgett Invents Non-Reflective Glass

Katharine Burr Blodgett Invents Non-Reflective Glass Katherine Burr Blodgett (1898-1979) was a woman of many firsts. She was the first female scientist hired by General Electric’s Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York (1917) as well as the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Physics from Cambridge University (1926). She was the first woman to receive the Photographic Society of America Award, and the American Chemical Society honored her with the Francis P. Garvin Medal. Her most notable discovery was in how to produce non-reflective glass. Early Life of Katharine Burr Blodgett Blodgetts father was a patent lawyer and head of the patent department at General Electric. He was killed by a burglar a few months before she was born but left enough savings that the family was financially secure. After living in Paris, the family returned to New York where Blodgett attended private schools and Bryn Mawr College, excelling at mathematics and physics. She got her masters degree from the University of Chicago in 1918 with a thesis on the chemical structure of gas masks, determining that carbon would absorb most poisonous gasses. She then went to work for the General Electric Research Lab with  Nobel Prize winner  Dr. Irving Langmuir. She completed her Ph.D. at Cambridge University in 1926. Research at General  Electric Blodgett’s research on monomolecular coatings with  Langmuir led her to a revolutionary discovery. She discovered a way to apply the coatings layer by layer to glass and metal. These thin films naturally reduce glare on reflective surfaces. When layered to a certain thickness, they completely cancel out the reflection from the surface underneath. This resulted in the world’s first 100 percent transparent or invisible glass Katherine Blodgett’s patented film and process (1938) has been used for many purposes including limiting distortion in eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, camera, and projector lenses.   Katherine Blodgett received U.S patent #2,220,660 on March 16, 1938, for the Film Structure and Method of Preparation or invisible, nonreflective glass. Katherine Blodgett also invented a special color gauge for measuring the thickness of these films of glass, since 35,000 layers of the film only added up to the thickness of a sheet of paper. Blodgett also made a breakthrough in developing smoke screens during World War II. Her process allowed less oil to be used as it was vaporized into molecular particles. In addition, she developed methods for deicing airplane wings. She published dozens of scientific papers over the course of her long career. Blodgett retired from General Electric in 1963.  She did not marry and lived with Gertrude Brown for many years. She acted in the Schenectady Civic Players and lived on Lake George in the Adirondack Mountains.  She died at home in 1979. Her awards include the Progress Medal from the Photographic Society of America, Garvan Medal of the American Chemical Society, American Physical Society Fellow, and Boston First Assembly of American Women of Achievement honored scientist. In 2007 she was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Patents Granted to Katharine Burr Blodgett U.S. Patent 2,220,860: 1940: Film Structure and Method of PreparationU.S. Patent 2,220,861: 1940: Reduction of Surface ReflectionU.S. Patent 2,220,862: 1940: Low-Reflectance GlassU.S. Patent 2,493,745: 1950: Electrical Indicator of Mechanical ExpansionU.S. Patent 2,587,282: 1952: Step Gauge for Measuring Thickness of Thin FilmsU.S. Patent 2,589,983: 1952: Electrical Indicator of Mechanical ExpansionU.S. Patent 2,597,562: 1952: Electrically Conducting LayerU.S. Patent 2,636,832: 1953: Method of Forming Semiconducting Layers on Glass and Article Formed Thereby

Online courses versus Traditional courses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online courses versus Traditional courses - Essay Example Sometimes students get involved in discussions because they feel more comfortable sharing their opinions than in a normal face to face manner. Furthermore, there are varieties of free education tools (audio or video) that will create the feeling of a classroom setting. It is difficult to make friends in an online class because one never meets one another, as well as their professor in real life. Additionally, it might be extremely difficult to discipline one self enough especially when one is computer illiterate or unfamiliar with accessing the web. Traditional courses give students the liberty to be in class on time for lectures, turn in assignments, meet with groups or take test at a scheduled time. There are chances to connect with a lot of people in the classroom, make friends easily with your classmate, have easy access to your professor during office hours, ask questions and get instant help. It is not open, sometimes when people keep out of class they might go far behind on the course especially when taking quizzes. As a family and a working student, there are classes that may not fit your schedule; one may have to drop some classes to find room for another one. One can connect to a lot of people in the classroom, make friends easily with their classmates, have easy access to your professor during office hours, ask questions and get instant

Does Hand Hygiene Hompliance Increase among Staff Members Aware of a Essay

Does Hand Hygiene Hompliance Increase among Staff Members Aware of a Population of Immuno-Compromised Patients - Essay Example This Challenge is an international reality: no clinic, no hospital, no health-care system, no health post and no dispensary can presently say that compliance with hand hygiene suggestions is not an issue. â€Å"WHO Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Health Care prepared with the help of more than 100 international experts, are in the testing and implementation phases in different parts of the world. Pilot sites range from modern, high-technology hospitals in developed countries to remote dispensaries in resource-poor villages† (World Alliance for Patient Safety: Who Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (Advanced Draft); A Summary 2005, p. 5). In October 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the campaign for hand hygiene importance worldwide, with the theme â€Å"Clean Care Is Safer Care† (Patient Safety 2012) as part of the Hand Hygiene Health Care draft. This program has already caused many people and organizations to participate, the Ministries of Health from 124 countries agreed to collaborate to lower infection due to poor hand hygiene and support the efforts of WHO. (Allegranzi et al. 2009). Most pathogens transmitted by the hands of health care workers. (Doebbling et al. 1992). All patients on the department develop a side effect of they’re treatment called neutropenic sepsis. Neutropenic sepsis is defined as drop in the white blood cell count, which are the bodies major defense against infections. As some research has found that as little as 47% compliance of hand hygiene in health care workers (Randle et al. 2010). Identification of Research Question/Objectives/Problem/Hypothesis: The research question to be focused on this paper is: â€Å"Does hand hygiene compliance increase among staff members aware of a population of immunocompromised patients’’? Selection and Rationale for the Research Methodology: There are Two Methods of Research: By definition quantitative research deals with quantities and relat ionships   between attributes; it involves the collection and analysis of highly structured data in the positivist tradition (Bowling 2002). Whereas qualitative research can be described as a study of people in there natural social settings and to collect naturally occurring data (Bowling 2002).  Ã‚   Design Method Used: The researcher proposes to utilize the method of quasi experimental design , the method is, nevertheless, a very useful method for measuring social  variables. (Parahoo 2006). The inherent weaknesses in the methodology do not undermine the  validity  of the data, as long as they are recognized and allowed for during the whole  experimental process. Firm statistical analysis can be very difficult due to the lack of proper controls (Polit and Beck 2008). Quasi-experimental design includes choosing groups, upon which a variable is tested, with no any random pre-selection procedures. â€Å"For example, to perform an educational experiment, a class might be arbitrarily divided by alphabetical selection or by seating arrangement. The division is often convenient and, especially in an educational situation, causes as little disruption as possible† (Quasi-Experimental Design 2008). Differences of Quasi Experiment and a True Experiment:

Fish Linked to Lower Risk of Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fish Linked to Lower Risk of Depression - Essay Example This link was not present in studies conducted outside of Europe. To explain this, the writer quotes the study author Fang Li of Qingdao University in China who points out that this could be caused by the low number of participants in the study. This statement casts a serious doubt on the credibility of these studies. Scientific studies are perceived to be more accurate if they have a large amount of participants under study. The author of the article also points out the observational nature of the studies. It is noted that the studies did not discriminate on the types of fish consumed. Moreover, the studies could not draw a conclusion on the cause-and-effect relationship between fish consumption and the risk of depression. The amount of fish intake under study is not quantified; a lot of fish could mean different things to different people. To their credit, the researchers admit that more research must be undertaken in order to clearly understand the link between fish consumption an d depression.It is common for articles on health issues to carry a strong prejudice arising from the author’s personal opinion. Fortunately, the author of this article has ensured that they convey information as it is, despite the glaring loopholes in the actual studies and has made no attempt in persuading the reader in accepting any particular health ideations from the study. The author also makes it known that the study was published in a reputable journal; The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

Entrepreneurial Strategies Of Tara Orekelewa Cultural Studies Essay

Entrepreneurial Strategies Of Tara Orekelewa Cultural Studies Essay Tara Fela-Durotoye popularly known as Tara Orekelewa which means beautiful or beauty in her native west-arfican language is the managing director and creative director of HOUSE OF TARA International, a make-up and skincare line targeted at women of color. She is a veteran in the beauty industry and the pioneer of bridal make-up in Nigeria. She launched the first bridal directory in Nigeria (1999), set up the first high standard make-up studio, and the very first make-up school in the country. She was also the first make-up artist to launch a beauty product line. Tara is seen as an inspiration to many young women, as she has empowered quite a number (especially those in tertiary institutions) by making them beauty representatives of her product line, which has helped young ladies improve their entrepreneurial and marketing skills, as well as gain some form of financial independence in a difficult economy. She has also succeeded in training and developing an impressive number of make-u p artists through her make-up school. Tara is an acclaimed winner of international and national awards. Awards such as Entrepreneur of the Year (2006), Pioneer Award for Beauty (2006), Young Person of the year (2007), The Wedding Planner Honorary award for mentoring other make-up artists (2008) and others. BACKGROUND: Tara studied Law at the Lagos state university, Nigeria from the year 1996 to 2000. She attended Charles Fox (Covent Garden,London) to get trainned and certified, and in a bid to get more professional, attended the LEAP African Business Managers Forum (2005) and the Lagos Business School Ownner-Manager Programme in 2006 (House of Tara 2009). Taras involvement with beauty and make-up was highly influenced by her step mother whom she was very fond of as a child. Her step mother according to her, was very much in touch with femininity and could be described as vain. This made her very aware of make-up and beauty products at an early stage in life and sub conciously,formed a mini-foundation on what later on became her passion. Her journey started as far back as when she graduated from high school and was seeking admission into university. While waiting at home to get into university, she got a part-time job working in a perfume and cosmetics store. That was her very first step into the world of beauty and its allure. While working at the store, she had the opportunity to prcatise on customers and herself while idle (on a slow day when not many customers came in) and slowly, she began to educate herself on the power of make-up under the mentorship of her boss. By the time she got admission into university, she was no longer a n amateur. The time spent in the perfume and cosmetics store had been well invested and she had now learned through practise how to apply make up. She had developed a flair for it and I quote what she said you see, I loved it! I loved to make people beautiful and I was passionate about making people love the way they looked albeit enhanced by make-up, but the way they looked nontheless(Durotoye 2010) While at school, she practised frequently on her friends whenever they were invited for ocassions and started her business. Through this, she began to make some money for herself. She was actually able to pay her way through school, rent an apartment and even help with her sick fathers medical bills. At that point in her life, her father had suffered a stroke,leaving half of his body paralyzed. Her mother, though she was working with the Nigerian Civil Service at the time, had to take care of her father, giving up all businesses on the side. So obviously, her mother already had enough on her hands, so she did her best not to be a liability and instead was an asset to to her family through her gifted hands and her passion for make-up. Another highly influential force in her life was her husband, Fela Durotoye. When Tara met Fela, he was a consultant at Phillips Consulting with a solid business management background. He saw the potential in her and helped her build her small business (as of then) into something remarkable. He thought her basic things such as customer service, product management, and how to create a database for her customers. She undoubtedly had the talent, skills, and a growing customer base, but he brought some form of finesse and experience into her business which helped her succeed even more. She started out small, but her name spread from place to place little by little around the country. She took a leap of faith even when the concept of bridal make-up was very limited in Nigeria, made herself a name, set-up a make-up studio, started a beauty school; which is where the idea of beauty representatives to sell her products originated from and now has her very own product line. She launched her perfume called be inspired in the year 2007 and is currently writing a book on how she turned her passion into a profit making venture. Tara and Fela are currently happily married and blessed with three children. Resources Leader Opportunity Process TeamTHE ROADMAP: The Leader/ Founder: According to Burns(2007), the role of a successful entrepreneurial leader involves patience, the ability to infuse solid or tangible visions and management for the long haul. Tara Fela-Durotoye is the founder of House of Tara international. She is highly respected by most of her staff and even colleagues in the make-up industry in Nigeria. Taras personality, like most entrpreneurs is very positve and optimistic. She has a firm believe in God and built her business in the most ethical way possible, emulating one of her mentors Anita Roddick (the founder of Body Shop). Opportunity: Accoding to Burns (2007), entrepreneurs in contrast to regular people, adapt,exploit, and welcome change by creating an opportunity out of it through innovation. In the case of Tara Fela-Durotoye, she welcomed the change to the make-up enviroment at the perfume store where she had her first job, by using it to build on an innate skill. As at that time, most customers were not really familiar with the make-up facial sample testing, but because the owner of the store had lived abroad, she brought the mentality home to Nigeria with her, which was a new approach to selling make-up back then. This provided the opprotunity to learn and led to a series of events that occurred through innovative ideas (opening a bridal make-up studio, make up school and having a cusmetic product line). Other business opportunities she had where: Her spouse, who was her business consultant A chinese business partner who came into the picture when she decided to launch her cosmetic product line. Employment of a general manager, who was an MBA graduate of Lagos Business School, who helped build the franchise document and implemented it. This enabled her to sell the HOUSE OF TARAÂ   franchise, thus, accelerating geographic expansion Team: According to Lockett (2010), it is an illusion to assume that entrepreneurs are totally independent. The most successful entrepreneurial leaders are those who have built good teams and have good relationships with the individuals that surround them. Taras team consists of a general manager,a business consultant, a chinese business partner, an administrative team, a sales and marketing team, and about 300 beauty representatives who are marketing her cosmetic products. Process: According to Baron and Shane(2005), entrepreneurship is descibed as a process rather than a single event. The process is considered to move through distinct but holistic phases that unfold over time. This process consists of idea generation, opportunity recognition, and the exploitation of that opportunity (Lockett 2010). These series of events would be shown in the diagram below: The entrepreneurial process The birth of the idea of the make-up business from the time spent and skills acquired from her fist job at the perfume and cosmetic store. She then realized her potential through the process of sample testing on customers. Idea Generation The opportunity to turn her hubby into a profit making venture presented itself when the change in the area of purchasing cosmetics (sample testing) was tapped into as a business idea to be learnt from and exploited even after leaving the store. Opportunity Recognition From exploitation of change to a ripple of ideas and opportunities Exploitation Expressed as a business model Source: Lockett 2010 OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS MODEL Source: Lockett 2010 Proposition To enrich the lives of young women by offering them quality products to enhance their beauty and self esteem. These beauty products that can also be used as a tool for becoming financially independent. People The leader is Tara Fela-Durotoye, her husband Fela Durotoye is her business consultant, she has a Chinese business partner for ease with product development and expansion and her team consists of a general manager, an administrative team, marketing and sales team, and beauty representatives. Her customers are women of color, and her supplier is also her Chinese business partner. Place For now Taras business is still based in Nigeria though she has plans of expansion. Are customers are women in Nigeria, her and her competitors are other make-up artists such as unveil, divine looks, BM Pro, and so on. Analysis of the market: Tara was a pioneer in the make-up industry in Nigeria. She was the first to set up a bridal studio, make-up school, and make-up product line. This has made it quite difficult for her competitors to catch up, her market share is quite large and she also has first mover advantage. Process House of Tara has an MD/ CEO, a general manager and the rest of her team (as mentioned earlier). But the uniqueness of the structure of this organization is the beauty representatives idea. About 300 of them are currently marketing her products after they have been trained. Profit As an entrepreneur, Tara started her business because she had a passion for beauty and of course made profit from it. She believes in giving back to the community, and inspiring others. Social return: Tara, through her giving back venture, has gained the heart of youths, which has helped in expansion of her brand name across most universities in Nigeria. She has also made an irrefutable impact on the press, which has made her become a media darling. Societal The only societal driver in this case was the change in the make-up sales procedure. The society as at the time Tara began her entrepreneurial journey had not keyed into the idea of sampling before buying. After the society recognized this new process and accepted it, her business idea benefited from this social change(though it was not of her making) through her bridal studio as people now saw the need to test and sample make up, especially for very important occasions such as weddings. Commercial Information for this was not attainable Legal Information for this was not attainable Technological Online social networking was a great opportunity for Taras business venture, she possesses an active website, has a face book group, and a personal blog. Resources: According to Hitt et al (2002), in order to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities with maximum potential returns and exploit them by using efficient approaches, an appropriate set of resources are required. Taras resources into her new business venture were very limited. She did not have any financial back up from her parents, but because she had started at an early stage she had a little financial back up but along the line she became partner with a Chinese business man who helped her fulfill the dream of having her own make-up line. She also had financial aid from multinational companies. However it is easier to narrate now than it actually was back then, she said, and I quote this business started from a box that I used to carry around making up peoples faces. What could be deduced from all that has been stated above is that there is a link between each constituent of the road map. The founder of the business has an idea or dream, identifies an opportunity, exploits it, and creates a new venture from all this. And because entrepreneurs are not completely independent (Lockett 2010), they need a team to carry along to help fulfill the dream. That is where the team members come in, and here, the leadership skills also come into play. The resources help solidify the dream and the process wraps the journey all up. Role of Social Networking and Social Capital: According to Hitt et al (2002), formation of alliances and networks has become an important part of organizing to obtain the necessary resources and means to compete effectively in a business environment. Other than this, the formation of these alliances helps in the development of resources and means that are not easily imitated by others, which would lead to gaining competitive advantage. Tara started her business through word of the mouth. Social networking has been a huge part of her success. Most of her contacts were gotten from one individual who knew another who could be of value to her. For example her second bridal make-up job when she first started out, her Chinese business partner, the employment of her general manager( by recommendation), and even her image. She built her image by granting multiple interviews, creating an online presence through face book, personal blog and the creation of an active website, offered free scholarships for enrollment at her make-up school for the less privileged, became a public speaker by organizing youth seminars in universities, so as to put her company in the minds of people (branding) and sponsored events regularly. Her networking skills helped build her image and this resulted in making her darling with the press, which further promoted her products. She also uses her network for the patronage of her products within the upper and middle class women within the community. Her mentor Mrs Ibukun Awosika was her link to bridging talks between the company and the bank for her first substantial debt into the business that was required for expanding her product line. This influx of debt from Guaranty Trust Bank (Lagos, Nigeria) aided the rapid geographical expansion of House of Tara. Women in Business and Management (WIMBIZ) also created a platform for her participation in the US State department / Fortunes powerful womens mentoring programme. Ethical issues: Tara is a very good Christian and believes very strongly in God. Auditors when examined her accounts often advise her to stop giving away so much money to churches; they felt too much money was being wasted. But she stood her grounds and insisted that God was her ultimate source. Entrepreneurial Attribute Analysis: Taras entrepreneurial attributes would be compared with the core attributes in the model below: Source: Lockett 2010 Commitment and determination: Following her story, one could easily see that she had these qualities. Leadership: Her story is that of success, she wouldnt have made it that far if she didnt possess good leadership skills. Moreover, she has the respect and admiration of her staff and even her competitors. Opportunity Obsession: Tara could be seen as an opportunist. She was the first in every move, first make-up artist, first studio owner, and the first product line owner in the Nigerian beauty industry. Tolerance of risk: All her steps into new ventures and ideas where risky. She had no ones mistakes to learn from in the industry. Ambiguity and Uncertainty: She possessed these as well; no one could anticipate her next move. Creativity, Self-Reliance, and Adaptability: Tara was creative, hence the idea generation for business. She also had no one but herself to rely on at the initial start of the business and lastly, she adapted excellently to changes in the business environment, she created opportunities out of them. Motivation to excel: Her motivation was herself, her mentors and God. Courage: She possessed huge amounts of courage; she ventured into her business all by herself with no examples to follow in her particular industry. Conclusion: Tara Fela-Durotoyes entrepreneurial road map and process from the very first step of idea generation to building a national brand soon to be international brand-name has been a success. The critical review of her journey as an entrepreneur has been contrasted with theoretical frame-works, and has not shown much of a difference. The only difference noticeable is the fact that the entrepreneurial process may not evolve step by step as seen in Taras case. She had the opportunity to work at a cosmetics store before she ever had the idea of becoming a make-up artist, opening her own studio and becoming a veteran in Nigerias cosmetic industry. In her own case, opportunity brought about idea.